last update: November 14, 2025
Wellbutrin is the brand name for bupropion, a prescription antidepressant that works by affecting neurotransmitters in the brain—primarily norepinephrine and dopamine. Unlike selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), bupropion is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). Because of this distinct mechanism, Wellbutrin is often chosen when patients have not responded well to SSRIs, have experienced unwanted sexual side effects on other antidepressants, or when low energy, cognitive slowing, or seasonal mood patterns are prominent. Bupropion is available in immediate-release (IR), sustained-release (SR), and extended-release (XL) tablets, allowing clinicians to tailor dosing to patient needs and minimize side effects such as insomnia.
In addition to its use in major depressive disorder (MDD) and seasonal affective disorder (SAD), another brand of bupropion (Zyban) is approved to help people stop smoking by reducing nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL are other bupropion-containing products; because all of these contain bupropion, they should not be taken together.
Wellbutrin (bupropion) is used to treat:
Additional, FDA-approved indication for a bupropion brand:
Common off-label uses (at a clinician’s discretion) include augmentation of other antidepressants, attention-deficit symptoms in adults, and bipolar depression in carefully selected patients with mood stabilizers on board. Off-label use should always be guided by a clinician who can weigh potential benefits and risks.
Bupropion inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine, two neurotransmitters involved in motivation, alertness, attention, and mood regulation. It does not significantly increase serotonin levels, which partly explains its different side effect profile compared with SSRIs. By boosting norepinephrine and dopamine signaling, many patients experience improved energy, concentration, and drive, often without the sexual dysfunction or weight gain seen with some other antidepressants.
Onset of effect is typically gradual. Some people notice improvements in energy or concentration within 1–2 weeks, but full mood benefits can take 4–6 weeks or longer. Maintaining consistent daily dosing is important to achieve sustained benefits.
Wellbutrin comes in several formulations. Do not change formulations without consulting your clinician, as release profiles and dosing schedules differ:
For SAD prophylaxis, clinicians often start bupropion XL in early fall and continue through spring. For smoking cessation with Zyban, typical dosing is 150 mg once daily for 3 days, then 150 mg twice daily; patients often pick a quit date 1–2 weeks after starting.
Always follow your healthcare provider’s instructions on dose and timing. Do not exceed recommended doses. The risk of seizures increases with higher doses and certain risk factors.
Do not take Wellbutrin if you:
Share your full medical history and medication list, including prescriptions, over-the-counter drugs, vitamins, and herbal supplements. In particular, tell your clinician if you:
Bupropion is metabolized by CYP2B6 and is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Interactions can increase side effects or reduce the effectiveness of other medications:
Many people tolerate Wellbutrin well, but side effects can occur. Common, usually transient effects include:
Seek medical attention promptly for serious or persistent symptoms, such as:
This is not an exhaustive list. Always report unexpected or severe symptoms to your healthcare provider.
Because Wellbutrin targets norepinephrine and dopamine rather than serotonin, it has a distinctive clinical profile:
Bupropion is widely available as a generic in IR, SR, and XL formulations, often at substantially lower cost than brand-name products. Prices vary by pharmacy, dose, and quantity. Patient assistance programs, pharmacy savings plans, and prescription discount services can reduce out-of-pocket costs. Discuss with your clinician and pharmacist which formulation best fits your clinical goals, daily routine, and budget.
When comparing prices online, prioritize safety and legality: choose licensed pharmacies that require valid prescriptions, provide pharmacist consultation, and protect your personal data. Avoid sources that offer prescription medications without verifying a prescription or medical evaluation.
Most antidepressants, including Wellbutrin, require consistent daily use and time to work. Expect incremental improvements week by week. Track changes in energy, motivation, concentration, and mood using a journal or rating scale. Share updates at follow-up visits so your clinician can fine-tune dosing or consider combination strategies if needed. If you experience worrisome side effects—particularly mood changes, suicidal thoughts, severe anxiety, or signs of allergic reactions—seek medical attention promptly.
In the United States, bupropion (Wellbutrin and related brands) is a prescription-only medication. Federal and state laws require a valid prescription from a licensed clinician after an appropriate medical evaluation. Pharmacies—whether in-person or online—must verify prescriptions and comply with strict safety and privacy standards. Purchasing or importing prescription medications without a valid prescription can be unsafe and may violate the law.
HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital of Petersburg operates within applicable U.S. regulations. For adults seeking access to Wellbutrin, HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital of Petersburg offers a legal and structured pathway through licensed clinical evaluation and electronic prescribing when appropriate. This means you can complete a compliant telehealth assessment, and if a clinician determines that bupropion is suitable for you, a valid prescription can be issued and filled without requiring a prior in-person prescription. The service is designed to prioritize patient safety, evidence-based care, and regulatory compliance while providing convenient access and support 24/7.
Important: Wellbutrin should only be used under medical supervision. Always consult a licensed clinician to determine whether bupropion is appropriate for your condition, to discuss potential risks and interactions, and to receive individualized dosing and monitoring. If you are in crisis or experiencing severe side effects, seek emergency care immediately.
Wellbutrin is an antidepressant that works as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). By increasing norepinephrine and dopamine signaling, it can improve mood, energy, concentration, and motivation. It is also marketed as Zyban for smoking cessation.
It’s FDA-approved for major depressive disorder (MDD), seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and as Zyban for smoking cessation. Off-label, clinicians may use it for adult ADHD, SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction, and fatigue in depression.
Some people notice better energy, focus, or reduced cravings in 1–2 weeks, but full antidepressant effects often take 4–6 weeks. Smoking cessation benefits can appear within the first couple of weeks when started before a quit date.
Common effects include insomnia, dry mouth, headache, nausea, constipation, tremor, anxiety or jitteriness, sweating, and increased heart rate or blood pressure. Taking doses earlier in the day and avoiding evening doses can reduce sleep problems.
The main serious risk is seizures, which is dose-related and higher with predisposing factors (e.g., eating disorders, abrupt alcohol or benzodiazepine withdrawal, severe head trauma, certain medicines). There is also a boxed warning for increased risk of suicidal thoughts in young people. It can precipitate mania in bipolar disorder and rarely cause severe hypertension or allergic reactions.
People with a seizure disorder, current or prior bulimia or anorexia nervosa, or those using an MAO inhibitor (or within 14 days of one) should not take it. Caution is warranted in uncontrolled hypertension, bipolar disorder, abrupt cessation of alcohol/benzodiazepines, and with drugs that lower seizure threshold.
There are immediate-release (IR), sustained-release (SR), and extended-release (XL) tablets. SR is usually taken twice daily; XL is once daily. XL tends to cause less insomnia and is simpler to take. Do not crush, split, or chew SR/XL tablets.
For depression, XL often starts at 150 mg once daily, increasing to 300 mg daily after several days if tolerated. SR is commonly 150 mg once daily for 3 days, then 150 mg twice daily. The maximum recommended dose for most adults is 450 mg/day. Your clinician will individualize dosing.
Morning is best, especially with XL. If using SR twice daily, take the second dose mid-afternoon with at least 8 hours between doses to reduce insomnia risk.
Yes, its activating profile can improve energy and concentration. It is used off-label for adult ADHD, particularly when stimulants aren’t appropriate or when depression coexists. It may be less effective than stimulant medications for core ADHD symptoms.
It is generally weight-neutral to modestly weight-reducing. That contrasts with some antidepressants that cause weight gain. Individual responses vary.
Compared with SSRIs/SNRIs, bupropion has a lower risk of sexual side effects and may improve libido or SSRI-related sexual dysfunction in some people.
Skip the missed dose if it’s close to the next scheduled dose. Do not double up, as this can increase seizure risk. Resume your regular schedule.
Do not stop abruptly without medical guidance. While bupropion has a lower risk of discontinuation symptoms than serotonergic antidepressants, tapering is still recommended to prevent relapse and reduce side effects.
Do not combine with MAO inhibitors, linezolid, or IV methylene blue. Bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and can raise levels of drugs like metoprolol, risperidone, paroxetine, and dextromethorphan, and may reduce tamoxifen’s effectiveness. Combining with other agents that lower seizure threshold (tramadol, antipsychotics, theophylline, systemic steroids) increases seizure risk. Alcohol can also raise seizure risk.
Yes, clinicians sometimes combine bupropion with an SSRI to boost antidepressant response or reduce SSRI-related sexual side effects and fatigue. The combination should be supervised due to interaction and blood pressure considerations.
It can elevate blood pressure and heart rate, especially at higher doses or in people with pre-existing hypertension. Monitor blood pressure periodically.
They contain the same active ingredient (bupropion) but are labeled for different indications. Zyban is the SR formulation labeled for smoking cessation with a specific dosing schedule around a quit date.
Alcohol can increase the risk of seizures and worsen mood or sleep. Limit or avoid alcohol while on bupropion. Heavy drinking, binge drinking, or abrupt alcohol withdrawal significantly raises seizure risk.
No. Do not take bupropion during or immediately after a binge. Wait until you are hydrated, no longer intoxicated or withdrawing, and speak with your clinician about when to safely resume. Abrupt alcohol withdrawal combined with bupropion is particularly risky.
Some people tolerate small amounts, but even light drinking can contribute to insomnia or anxiety. If you choose to drink, keep it minimal and consistent, and discuss safe limits with your clinician.
Data overall do not show a major increase in birth defects. A few studies suggested a small possible increase in certain cardiac defects, but findings are inconsistent and may be confounded. If you are planning pregnancy or become pregnant, discuss risks and benefits; untreated depression also carries risks.
Bupropion passes into breast milk in low amounts. Most infants tolerate it, but rare case reports describe possible seizures in partially breastfed infants. If used, monitor the baby for irritability, poor feeding, or unusual movements, and consider alternatives (e.g., sertraline) for newborns when feasible.
Many patients continue bupropion through surgery to avoid relapse. Inform your surgical and anesthesia teams. They may avoid anesthetic agents that lower seizure threshold (e.g., meperidine, high-dose tramadol). Do not stop abruptly without guidance.
It is generally contraindicated in people with seizure disorders. If you have a past seizure or significant risk factors, your clinician will consider alternative treatments.
No. Bupropion is contraindicated in current or prior bulimia or anorexia nervosa due to a significantly increased seizure risk.
Impairment can increase bupropion and metabolite levels. Lower doses or less frequent dosing may be needed, especially in moderate-to-severe hepatic impairment or significant renal impairment. Your prescriber will individualize the plan.
Because bupropion lowers seizure threshold and can prolong seizures, many clinicians reduce the dose or hold it before and during electroconvulsive therapy. Coordination between your psychiatrist and ECT team is essential.
Wellbutrin is activating, weight-neutral, and has fewer sexual side effects. Sertraline is often better for anxiety, OCD, and PTSD but more likely to cause GI upset and sexual dysfunction. Sertraline is serotonergic; bupropion is dopaminergic/noradrenergic.
For pure depression with fatigue, low motivation, or SSRI sexual side effects, bupropion may be preferred. For depression with prominent generalized anxiety, panic, or rumination, escitalopram often performs well. Escitalopram can cause sexual dysfunction and weight gain; bupropion has seizure and BP considerations.
Fluoxetine has a long half-life, fewer withdrawal symptoms, and broad anxiety/OCD utility but more sexual side effects. Bupropion is more energizing, less sexual dysfunction, and may aid attention and smoking cessation. Both can be combined in select cases.
Venlafaxine targets serotonin and norepinephrine (dose-dependent), treats anxiety and some pain syndromes, but is associated with blood pressure increases and challenging discontinuation. Bupropion also can raise BP but typically has easier discontinuation and fewer sexual side effects; it’s less effective for anxiety.
Duloxetine is effective for depression and pain conditions (neuropathy, fibromyalgia). It may cause nausea, sweating, and sexual dysfunction. Bupropion is better for low energy and concentration, with lower sexual side effects, but doesn’t treat pain.
They have opposite profiles. Bupropion is activating and may decrease appetite/weight. Mirtazapine is sedating at lower doses, can increase appetite and weight, and helps insomnia and anxiety. Combining them (“California rocket fuel”) is sometimes used in resistant depression.
Vortioxetine is serotonergic with potential cognitive benefits and a low rate of sexual side effects compared with SSRIs, but it can cause nausea and is often higher cost. Bupropion is generally more activating, cheaper generically, and has minimal sexual side effects.
Vilazodone is an SSRI/5-HT1A partial agonist that may cause less sexual dysfunction than traditional SSRIs but commonly causes GI upset. Bupropion is a non-serotonergic option helpful for low energy and SSRI sexual side effects, but with seizure risk considerations.
Trazodone is often used at low doses for insomnia and can cause daytime sedation and orthostasis. As an antidepressant, it requires higher doses with more side effects. Bupropion is usually better for daytime mood, energy, and cognition; trazodone can be added at night for sleep when appropriate.
Breastfeeding considerations often favor sertraline due to strong lactation safety data. Bupropion may be considered when sexual side effects or fatigue are limiting, but caution is advised in breastfeeding due to limited data and rare infant case reports.
Atomoxetine is FDA-approved for ADHD, targets norepinephrine, and lacks abuse potential; onset may take several weeks. Bupropion is off-label for ADHD, often helpful when depression coexists, and may be less effective than stimulants; it carries seizure risk and CYP2D6 inhibition.
Varenicline generally shows higher quit rates than bupropion. Bupropion can still be effective, especially when combined with nicotine replacement. Choice depends on prior response, side effects, comorbid depression, and cost/access.
Both deliver bupropion; SR is usually taken twice daily, XL once daily. XL may cause less insomnia and is more convenient. SR is used for smoking cessation (as Zyban) and can be useful when dose flexibility is needed.
SNRIs (venlafaxine, duloxetine) treat both depression and many anxiety disorders. Bupropion may worsen anxiety in some people early on and isn’t a first-line anxiolytic, though it can help in depression with prominent fatigue and concentration problems.
If there’s a partial SSRI response with fatigue, sexual dysfunction, or cognitive slowing, adding bupropion can boost remission rates and reduce sexual side effects. Combination requires monitoring for blood pressure changes and drug interactions.
You may also like to read "First Week of Therapy with Bupropion" Review (active ingredient of wellbutrin is Bupropion).