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Indications and How Citalopram Works

Citalopram is prescribed for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults. It belongs to a class of antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). By selectively blocking the reabsorption of serotonin in the brain, citalopram increases serotonin availability at synapses, which can help stabilize mood, reduce sadness and hopelessness, and improve overall emotional well-being. The therapeutic effect builds gradually; some people notice early benefits (such as better sleep or appetite) within 1 to 2 weeks, while full antidepressant effects may take 4 to 6 weeks or longer.

Beyond depression, clinicians may use citalopram off-label in certain anxiety-related conditions when the benefits outweigh the risks. These uses are determined by a licensed prescriber based on individual history, symptoms, and response to treatment. Citalopram is not a sedative or a stimulant; it is a mood stabilizer that helps correct a serotonin imbalance over time.

How to Take Citalopram (Instructions, Dosing, and Onset)

Use citalopram exactly as directed by your healthcare provider. Consistency matters with SSRIs; take it at the same time each day to maintain steady medication levels and optimize efficacy.

  • You may take citalopram with or without food. If it upsets your stomach, taking it with a small snack can help.
  • Choose a time (morning or evening) that fits your routine. If you experience daytime sleepiness, taking it in the evening may help; if it causes insomnia, morning dosing may be better.
  • Do not change your dose or stop taking citalopram without medical guidance. Abrupt discontinuation can cause withdrawal-like symptoms (dizziness, irritability, nausea, headache, sleep problems, or electric shock–like sensations).

Typical adult dosing guidance (final dose should be set by your clinician):

  • Common starting dose: 20 mg once daily.
  • Dosage adjustments are usually made in 10 to 20 mg increments at intervals of at least 1 week, based on response and tolerability.
  • Maximum recommended dose: 40 mg once daily in most adults. Higher doses are generally avoided because of dose-related QT prolongation risk (a heart rhythm issue).
  • Special populations: In adults older than 60 years, those with hepatic impairment, CYP2C19 poor metabolizers, or those taking strong CYP2C19 inhibitors, the recommended maximum is 20 mg once daily.
  • Pediatric use: Safety and effectiveness in children have not been confirmed. Use in patients under 18 requires careful specialist oversight.

If you miss a dose, take it when you remember unless it is close to your next scheduled dose. Do not double up to make up for a missed dose.

Storage and Handling

Store citalopram tablets at room temperature (20–25°C or 68–77°F). Protect from excessive heat, moisture, and light. Keep the medication in its original, tightly closed container. Do not store in bathrooms where humidity is high. Always keep out of reach of children and pets.

Who Should Not Use Citalopram (Contraindications)

Do not use citalopram if any of the following apply to you:

  • Allergy to citalopram or any of its components.
  • Current use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or use within the last 14 days (e.g., phenelzine, tranylcypromine). Do not start an MAOI within 14 days of stopping citalopram.
  • Use of pimozide (risk of serious heart rhythm problems).
  • Concurrent use of linezolid or intravenous methylene blue without careful specialist oversight.
  • Known congenital long QT syndrome or a history of QT prolongation or torsades de pointes.

Discuss your full medical history with your clinician before starting citalopram. Additional conditions that may affect safety and dosing include:

  • Cardiac conditions (recent heart attack, heart failure, bradycardia), electrolyte disturbances (low potassium or magnesium), or use of other QT-prolonging medicines.
  • Liver disease or severe kidney impairment.
  • Seizure disorders or a history of seizures.
  • Bleeding disorders or use of blood thinners (e.g., warfarin), antiplatelets (e.g., aspirin), or NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen).
  • Angle-closure glaucoma risk, as SSRIs can rarely trigger pupillary dilation.
  • Bipolar disorder or a family history of bipolar disorder (risk of switching to mania). Screening for bipolar spectrum disorders is important before starting an antidepressant.
  • Low sodium levels (hyponatremia) or conditions predisposing to SIADH, especially in older adults or those on diuretics.
  • Pregnancy or breastfeeding; discuss risks and benefits with your provider.
  • Ongoing use of herbal supplements (e.g., St. John’s wort) or other serotonergic agents.

Drug Interactions You Need to Know

Citalopram interacts with many prescription and over-the-counter medicines, as well as herbal products. Always share a complete medication list with your healthcare provider and pharmacist.

  • Serotonergic agents: Combining citalopram with triptans, tramadol, fentanyl, lithium, linezolid, MAOIs, St. John’s wort, tryptophan, or other SSRIs/SNRIs can increase the risk of serotonin syndrome (a potentially life-threatening condition).
  • Anticoagulants and antiplatelets: Warfarin, heparins, direct oral anticoagulants, aspirin, and NSAIDs may increase bleeding risk when combined with citalopram.
  • Diuretics: Thiazide or loop diuretics can contribute to hyponatremia when taken with SSRIs.
  • CYP2C19 inhibitors: Medications such as cimetidine, omeprazole, esomeprazole, fluconazole, and some antivirals can raise citalopram levels; dose limits and monitoring may be needed.
  • QT-prolonging medications: Certain antiarrhythmics (e.g., amiodarone), antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol, ziprasidone), macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), methadone, and some antihistamines increase the risk of dangerous heart rhythms when combined with citalopram.
  • Carbamazepine and other enzyme inducers: May reduce citalopram effectiveness by increasing its metabolism.
  • Tramadol: Raises seizure risk and contributes to serotonergic toxicity.

If you start, stop, or change the dose of any medication, consult your clinician to assess interaction risk and whether adjustments to citalopram are needed.

Important Safety Information and Warnings

  • Black box warning (suicidality): Antidepressants, including citalopram, can increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, adolescents, and young adults, especially during the first few months of therapy or when the dose changes. Close monitoring by family and clinicians is essential. Report sudden mood changes, agitation, panic, worsening depression, or suicidal thinking immediately.
  • Serotonin syndrome: Watch for agitation, confusion, hallucinations, fever, sweating, shivering, tremor, muscle stiffness, unsteady gait, diarrhea, or rapid heart rate. This can be life-threatening. Seek emergency care if these occur, particularly after a dose increase or when adding other serotonergic agents.
  • QT prolongation and heart rhythm issues: Citalopram can prolong the QT interval in a dose-related manner. Risk is higher at doses above 40 mg/day or in people with cardiac disease, electrolyte abnormalities, or when combined with other QT-prolonging medications. Your clinician may recommend baseline and follow-up ECGs and electrolyte checks when indicated.
  • Bleeding risk: SSRIs may increase bleeding risk, especially when combined with NSAIDs, aspirin, or anticoagulants. Report unusual bruising, nosebleeds, black stools, or signs of internal bleeding.
  • Hyponatremia/SIADH: Low sodium can cause headache, confusion, weakness, instability, and in severe cases seizures. This is more common in older adults and those on diuretics.
  • Activation of mania/hypomania: In susceptible individuals, SSRIs can precipitate manic symptoms (decreased need for sleep, elevated mood, racing thoughts, impulsivity). Seek medical advice if these occur.
  • Angle-closure glaucoma: Sudden eye pain, vision changes, or redness may indicate an ophthalmic emergency. People with narrow angles should have an eye evaluation if concerned.
  • Seizures: Use caution if you have a seizure disorder. Citalopram can lower seizure threshold in rare cases.
  • Driving and operating machinery: Citalopram may cause drowsiness, dizziness, or blurred vision. Do not drive or operate heavy machinery until you know how it affects you.
  • Alcohol: Avoid or limit alcohol while taking citalopram; alcohol can worsen side effects and depression symptoms.
  • Weight and appetite: Some people experience changes in appetite or weight. Discuss significant changes with your clinician.

Common and Serious Side Effects

Most people tolerate citalopram well. Many side effects are mild and improve over time as your body adjusts.

Common side effects include:

  • Nausea, dry mouth, upset stomach, or diarrhea.
  • Drowsiness or fatigue; sometimes insomnia or restlessness.
  • Dizziness or lightheadedness, especially when standing quickly.
  • Increased sweating or tremor.
  • Headache.
  • Sexual side effects (reduced libido, difficulty with orgasm, or erectile dysfunction).
  • Stuffy nose or mild flu-like symptoms early in treatment.

Serious side effects that need medical attention:

  • Allergic reaction: rash, hives, itching, swelling of the face or throat, or trouble breathing.
  • Signs of serotonin syndrome: confusion, agitation, hallucinations, fever, sweating, racing heartbeat, muscle stiffness, tremor, or severe nausea/diarrhea.
  • Cardiac symptoms: fainting, palpitations, dizziness with chest discomfort, or an unusually fast or irregular heartbeat.
  • Severe mood changes: worsening depression, panic attacks, new or increased anxiety, irritability, aggressiveness, impulsiveness, or suicidal thoughts/behaviors.
  • Seizures.
  • Hyponatremia: severe headache, confusion, weakness, unsteadiness, or seizures.
  • Unusual bleeding or bruising; black or tarry stools; blood in vomit.
  • Painful, persistent erection (priapism), although rare.
  • Severe skin reactions: blistering, peeling, or widespread rash.

Contact your healthcare provider if common side effects are persistent or bothersome, or if you experience any severe symptoms.

Overdose: What to Watch For and What to Do

Symptoms of citalopram overdose can include extreme dizziness, fainting, fast or irregular heartbeat, tremor, drowsiness, confusion, seizures, nausea, and vomiting. Overdose can be life-threatening, especially if other substances (alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids, or other antidepressants) are involved. If you suspect an overdose, call emergency services immediately. There is no specific antidote; treatment focuses on stabilizing vital signs, cardiac monitoring, and supportive care.

Monitoring and Follow-Up

Good follow-up improves outcomes with antidepressants.

  • Early check-ins: Your clinician may schedule a follow-up within 1 to 2 weeks of starting citalopram and again after dose changes to assess side effects and mood response.
  • ECG and labs: If you have heart disease, electrolyte abnormalities, or are on QT-prolonging drugs, an electrocardiogram (ECG) may be ordered. Periodic checks of potassium, magnesium, and sodium may be recommended, especially in older adults or those on diuretics.
  • Mental health monitoring: Track mood, sleep, energy, and anxiety weekly during the first 6 to 8 weeks. Share any concerns promptly, especially new or worsening suicidal thoughts.
  • Long-term plan: After remission of symptoms, many patients continue therapy for at least 6 to 12 months to reduce relapse risk. People with recurrent depression may benefit from longer maintenance treatment as directed by a clinician.

Special Populations and Clinical Considerations

  • Pregnancy: Untreated depression carries important risks. While SSRI exposure in late pregnancy has been associated with transient neonatal adaptation symptoms (irritability, respiratory difficulties, feeding problems) and a small increased risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, many patients and clinicians still choose SSRIs when benefits outweigh risks. If pregnant or planning pregnancy, discuss options with your provider; do not stop citalopram abruptly.
  • Breastfeeding: Citalopram does pass into breast milk in small amounts. Many infants tolerate this exposure, but monitoring for sedation, poor feeding, or irritability is recommended. Work with your pediatrician and prescriber to individualize the plan.
  • Older adults: Greater susceptibility to hyponatremia, dizziness, falls, and QT prolongation. Lower maximum dosing (generally 20 mg once daily) and closer monitoring are advised.
  • Liver impairment: Reduced clearance of citalopram warrants lower dosing and a 20 mg/day maximum.
  • Renal impairment: Usually no formal adjustment in mild to moderate renal impairment, but careful monitoring is prudent in severe kidney dysfunction.
  • Bipolar disorder: Antidepressants may precipitate mania or rapid cycling if bipolar disorder is unrecognized. Screening helps ensure correct diagnosis and optimal treatment.

Practical Tips for Success With Citalopram

  • Set expectations: Improvement is gradual. Track changes in sleep, appetite, energy, concentration, and mood to share with your clinician.
  • Pair with psychotherapy: Combining medication with evidence-based therapy (CBT, interpersonal therapy) often yields better outcomes than either alone.
  • Support routines: Consistent sleep, regular physical activity, balanced nutrition, and reduced alcohol use support recovery.
  • Manage side effects early: Nausea often improves within 1 to 2 weeks; taking with food or at night may help. For insomnia, morning dosing and sleep hygiene can be useful. Discuss sexual side effects with your clinician; options include dose adjustments or considering alternative therapies.
  • Adherence matters: Set reminders, use pill organizers, and keep follow-up appointments to optimize benefit and safety.

Who Should Call the Doctor Right Away

  • You have thoughts of self-harm or suicide, new or worsening anxiety, panic attacks, agitation, restlessness, or dramatic mood changes.
  • You develop signs of serotonin syndrome (confusion, agitation, fever, sweating, tremor, muscle stiffness, diarrhea, rapid heartbeat).
  • You experience fainting, a racing or irregular heartbeat, severe dizziness, or chest discomfort.
  • You notice unusual bleeding/bruising, black stools, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds.
  • You have severe headache, confusion, unsteadiness, or seizures (possible low sodium).
  • You develop eye pain, swelling, or acute vision changes (possible angle-closure glaucoma).

Balanced Risk–Benefit Perspective

For many adults with major depressive disorder, citalopram is an effective, well-studied SSRI that can reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. Its safety profile is generally favorable, particularly at standard doses with appropriate monitoring. The most consequential risks—suicidality in younger patients, serotonin syndrome with interacting drugs, QT prolongation at higher doses or in vulnerable individuals, hyponatremia in older adults, and bleeding with anticoagulants—can be managed proactively through thoughtful prescribing, careful medication reconciliation, and early follow-up. Work closely with your healthcare team to tailor therapy to your needs and to revisit the plan if side effects persist or goals are not met.

Summary of Key Points for Patients

  1. Citalopram is an SSRI for major depressive disorder in adults; benefits often emerge over 2 to 6 weeks.
  2. Take once daily, with or without food, at a consistent time. Do not stop suddenly without guidance.
  3. Typical adult maximum is 40 mg/day; certain groups should not exceed 20 mg/day.
  4. Be alert for side effects like nausea, sleep changes, sweating, tremor, and sexual dysfunction; many improve with time.
  5. Seek urgent care for suicidal thoughts, serotonin syndrome symptoms, severe dizziness/fainting, irregular heartbeat, severe bleeding, or seizures.
  6. Tell your clinician about all medicines and supplements; avoid combinations that increase bleeding, seizures, QT prolongation, or serotonin syndrome risk.
  7. Monitoring may include ECG and lab checks in higher-risk patients, especially at dose changes.

Citalopram U.S. Sale and Prescription Policy

In the United States, citalopram is a prescription-only medication. Federal and state regulations require a valid prescription from a licensed clinician before a pharmacy may dispense it. This safeguards patient safety through appropriate diagnosis, dosing, interaction checks, and ongoing monitoring. Purchasing prescription drugs without a valid prescription is not permitted under U.S. law.

HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital of Petersburg supports legal, patient-centered access to treatment. If you are seeking citalopram, the hospital can help facilitate a compliant, structured pathway to care—such as arranging a licensed telehealth or in-person evaluation—so that, when clinically appropriate, a prescription can be issued and filled through legitimate pharmacy channels. This approach ensures you receive citalopram safely and lawfully, with the medical oversight necessary to maximize benefits and minimize risks.

Citalopram FAQ

What is citalopram and what is it used for?

Citalopram (brand name Celexa) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used primarily to treat major depressive disorder. It’s sometimes used off-label for anxiety disorders and other conditions based on clinician judgment.

How does citalopram work?

It increases serotonin levels in the brain by blocking its reuptake in nerve cells. This helps regulate mood, anxiety, and sleep over time.

How long does citalopram take to work?

Some people notice improved sleep, appetite, or energy within 1–2 weeks, but mood and anxiety symptoms typically take 4–6 weeks to improve. Full benefit may take 8–12 weeks.

What is the usual starting dose of citalopram?

Many adults start at 10–20 mg once daily, then adjust based on response and tolerability. The typical maximum is 40 mg daily, but limits are lower in certain groups.

How should I take citalopram for best results?

Take it once daily at the same time, with or without food. Be consistent, don’t skip doses, and avoid abrupt changes without medical guidance.

What are the common side effects of citalopram?

Nausea, dry mouth, sweating, tremor, headache, insomnia or sleepiness, and sexual side effects are common early on. Many side effects fade as your body adjusts.

What serious side effects should I watch for?

Seek urgent care for signs of serotonin syndrome (fever, agitation, tremor, diarrhea), severe dizziness or fainting, irregular heartbeat, severe allergic reaction, or suicidal thoughts. Low sodium (confusion, weakness) can occur, especially in older adults.

Who should not take citalopram?

People taking MAO inhibitors (or within 14 days of stopping one), those with known long QT syndrome, or those taking pimozide should avoid it. Use caution in significant heart disease, electrolyte disturbances, liver impairment, or a history of bipolar disorder.

Can citalopram cause weight changes?

Mild weight loss can occur early from nausea, while modest weight gain may occur over months. Lifestyle measures can help manage changes.

Does citalopram affect sleep?

It can cause either sleepiness or insomnia. If it makes you drowsy, take it at night; if it’s activating, take it in the morning.

Will citalopram affect sexual function?

It can lower libido and delay orgasm in some people. Dose adjustments, timing changes, or switching medications may help—discuss options with your prescriber.

What should I do if I miss a dose of citalopram?

Take it when you remember unless it’s close to your next dose, in which case skip the missed dose. Don’t double up.

Can I stop citalopram suddenly?

Stopping abruptly can cause discontinuation symptoms (dizziness, “brain zaps,” irritability, sleep problems). Taper slowly under medical supervision.

What medications or supplements interact with citalopram?

Avoid MAOIs, linezolid, and methylene blue due to serotonin syndrome risk. Use caution with triptans, tramadol, St. John’s wort, NSAIDs/aspirin, warfarin, and drugs that prolong QT or inhibit CYP2C19 (like omeprazole and cimetidine).

How will I know if citalopram is working?

You’ll gradually notice better mood, energy, concentration, and daily functioning. Standardized scales or a symptom diary can help track progress with your clinician.

Is it safe to drink alcohol while taking citalopram?

Alcohol can worsen depression, increase drowsiness, and raise accident risk. The safest option is to avoid or strictly limit alcohol and never binge while on an SSRI.

I drank alcohol last night—can I take my citalopram today?

Yes, take your prescribed dose as scheduled, but avoid further alcohol and monitor for extra sedation. If heavy drinking or vomiting occurred, hydrate and resume your regular dosing plan.

Is citalopram safe during pregnancy?

Untreated depression carries risks, and many patients continue SSRIs in pregnancy when benefits outweigh risks. Citalopram has substantial data; potential risks include neonatal adaptation symptoms and rare PPHN—discuss options, as sertraline is often preferred but staying on an effective medicine is reasonable.

Can I use citalopram while breastfeeding?

Citalopram passes into breast milk; most infants do well, but monitor for irritability, poor feeding, or sleep changes. Sertraline or paroxetine may be preferred for lower milk transfer, yet continuing citalopram can be appropriate if it controls symptoms.

Do I need to stop citalopram before surgery or anesthesia?

Most patients continue SSRIs through surgery, but your surgical team must know you’re taking it. They will avoid interacting agents (like methylene blue) and manage bleeding risk if you use NSAIDs or anticoagulants.

Is citalopram safe if I have heart rhythm problems or take QT‑prolonging drugs?

Citalopram can prolong the QT interval in a dose‑dependent manner. Avoid higher doses, correct low potassium/magnesium, avoid combining with other QT‑prolonging drugs, and consider baseline and follow‑up ECGs if you have cardiac risk.

What precautions are needed for older adults on citalopram?

Start at lower doses and monitor closely for hyponatremia, dizziness, falls, and QT prolongation. Many guidelines cap the dose at 20 mg daily in adults over 60–65.

What if I have liver disease or take strong CYP2C19 inhibitors?

Liver impairment and CYP2C19 inhibition raise citalopram levels, increasing QT risk. Use lower doses (often max 20 mg daily) and monitor for side effects.

Does citalopram increase bleeding risk with NSAIDs or aspirin?

SSRIs can increase gastrointestinal bleeding risk, which is higher when combined with NSAIDs, aspirin, or anticoagulants. Consider protective strategies (e.g., PPIs) and report any black stools, easy bruising, or unusual bleeding.

Citalopram vs escitalopram: which is better?

Escitalopram is the active S‑enantiomer of citalopram and is effective at roughly half the dose, with slightly better efficacy/tolerability in some studies. Citalopram carries more concern about QT prolongation at higher doses.

Citalopram vs sertraline: key differences?

Both treat depression and anxiety; sertraline often has more gastrointestinal upset (especially diarrhea) but less QT liability. Sertraline is frequently favored in cardiac disease and perinatal care; citalopram has fewer drug–drug interactions than some SSRIs.

Citalopram vs fluoxetine: which lasts longer and who might prefer which?

Fluoxetine has a very long half‑life, which smooths missed doses and tapers but increases interaction risk and can be more activating. Citalopram has fewer CYP interactions, but greater QT concerns at high doses.

Citalopram vs paroxetine: side effects and withdrawal?

Paroxetine is more anticholinergic (dry mouth, constipation), more sedating, linked to weight gain and sexual dysfunction, and has pronounced withdrawal if stopped abruptly. Citalopram is generally cleaner but watch for QT prolongation.

Citalopram vs fluvoxamine: interactions and uses?

Fluvoxamine is a strong CYP inhibitor with many interactions and is commonly used for OCD. Citalopram tends to have fewer interactions but is not a first‑choice SSRI for OCD.

Citalopram vs vortioxetine: cognition and sexual side effects?

Vortioxetine is not a classic SSRI and may have pro‑cognitive benefits with lower rates of sexual dysfunction, but nausea is common and cost can be higher. Citalopram is widely available and affordable but may have more sexual side effects.

Citalopram vs escitalopram for anxiety disorders?

Both help generalized anxiety and related conditions; escitalopram often edges out on tolerability and dosing simplicity. Choice often depends on prior response, side effects, and cost/formulary.

Citalopram vs sertraline in pregnancy and breastfeeding?

Sertraline has the most supportive safety data and lowest milk transfer, making it a frequent first choice. Continuing a well‑tolerated and effective citalopram regimen can still be reasonable with shared decision‑making.

Citalopram vs fluoxetine for people who miss doses?

Fluoxetine’s long half‑life protects against missed doses and eases tapering. Citalopram requires steadier day‑to‑day adherence.

Citalopram vs paroxetine for sexual side effects and weight gain?

Paroxetine has a higher likelihood of sexual dysfunction and weight gain. Citalopram may be better tolerated on these fronts, though sexual side effects can occur with both.

Citalopram vs fluvoxamine for OCD treatment?

Fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, and sertraline have stronger OCD evidence and approvals. Citalopram may help some patients but is generally not first‑line for OCD.

Citalopram vs escitalopram: dosing and QT considerations?

Escitalopram achieves similar effects at roughly half the milligram dose and has less QT prolongation concern. Citalopram’s dose cap (typically 40 mg; 20 mg in risk groups) is largely driven by QT risk management.